Critical minerals have emerged as a key measure of India–EU economic security cooperation, connecting the energy transition and advanced technologies with the resilience of industrial supply chains. This commentary examines how India’s National Critical Mineral Mission and the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act lay the groundwork for cooperation in mineral sourcing, processing, research, and recycling. It assesses the opportunities created by the 2026 strategic framework, as well as the financing, technological, and implementation constraints that may limit progress.