On 16 July 2013, the UPA government decided in principle to open up as many as 13 sectors for foreign direct investment—ranging from 49 per cent to 100 per cent—with different caveats. Some needed approval through automatic routes, some through the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), and others with distinct riders.
Despite many pioneering works in developed countries, defence economics has few takers in the developing world, including India, where the subject's relevance has not been comprehended until now. Even at present, many security analysts question the utility of the application of economic principles in the strategic sector!