In mid-June 2025, ‘Pro-Khalistan’ group Sikhs for Justice supporters packed Calgary’s City Hall square, waving Khalistan flags and chanting “Kill Modi politics” while demanding that India be “Balkanised” as Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the G7 summit nearby (Global News, Canada, June 16).

The transnational Islamist political movement Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT) has increased its India-centric propaganda. HT is often described as a non-violent extremist group seeking to unite the global Muslim community under one Islamic caliphate. The arrests of several HT operatives from Central and South Indian states, including Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu, confirmed HT’s shadowy presence in the country. HT is attempting to revive the group’s past pro-Islamic state and anti-India discourses through its preaching campaigns.